NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Computer Science Chapter 3: Emerging Trends

Chapter at a glance

Exercise Questions

Answer

1. Email: Gmail, Outlook.
2. Storage and file sharing: Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox, iCloud.
3. Office and collaboration: Google Docs/Sheets, Microsoft 365, Canva.
4. Streaming: YouTube, Spotify, Netflix.
5. Learning and meetings: Google Classroom, DIKSHA, Zoom, Google Meet.
6. Photo backup: Google Photos.
7. Messaging: WhatsApp backups, Telegram.

Gmail, Google Drive, Google Docs, Google Photos, OneDrive, YouTube, Google Classroom, DIKSHA, Zoom/Meet, etc.

Answer

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices — appliances, vehicles, sensors, wearables — that have embedded electronics, software and network connectivity, so they can collect and exchange data over the Internet and be monitored or controlled remotely, often without human intervention.

Applications

1. Smart homes — lights, ACs, door locks controlled from a phone.
2. Smart health — wearables tracking heart rate, reminders for medicines.
3. Smart cities — traffic management, smart parking, street lighting.
4. Smart agriculture — soil-moisture sensors, automatic irrigation.
5. Industry — monitoring machines, predictive maintenance.
6. Transport — vehicle tracking, GPS fleet management.

IoT is a network of sensor-equipped devices that exchange data over the Internet and act with little human help; applications include smart homes, health wearables, smart cities, agriculture, industry and vehicle tracking.

Answer

a) Cloud computing: delivery of computing services — servers, storage, databases, software, networking — over the Internet on demand, paid for as used, instead of owning local hardware. Users access resources anywhere through a browser or app. Service models: IaaS (infrastructure — virtual servers, storage), PaaS (platform for developing and deploying apps) and SaaS (ready software like Gmail). Deployment: public, private, hybrid clouds. Benefits: low cost, scalability, reliability, anywhere access.

b) Big data: extremely large and complex datasets that cannot be stored or processed by traditional tools, generated by social media, sensors, transactions, etc. Characteristics (5 Vs):

1. Volume — enormous size of data.
2. Velocity — high speed at which data is generated and processed.
3. Variety — structured, semi-structured and unstructured (text, images, video).
4. Veracity — uncertainty, quality and trustworthiness of data.
5. Value — useful insights that can be extracted.

Cloud computing provides on-demand computing resources over the Internet (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS); big data is huge, complex data characterised by Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity and Value.

Answer

a) Artificial Intelligence (AI): the ability of a machine to imitate human intelligence — understanding language, recognising patterns, reasoning, learning and making decisions. Applications: virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant), chatbots, face recognition, self-driving cars, medical diagnosis, recommendation systems, games.

b) Machine Learning (ML): a subsystem of AI in which computers learn from data and improve with experience without being explicitly programmed. Algorithms build models from training data and use them to make predictions on new data. Applications: spam filtering, product/movie recommendations, fraud detection, speech recognition, weather forecasting, image classification.

AI makes machines mimic human intelligence (assistants, self-driving cars, diagnosis); ML is the part of AI where systems learn from data to predict (spam filters, recommendations, fraud detection).

Answer

Cloud computing offers on-demand, centrally managed services over the Internet (e.g. AWS, Google Drive); grid computing pools distributed computers of different owners to solve one big problem (e.g. CERN’s LHC grid, SETI@home).

Answer

Cost-effective

1. No need to buy and maintain expensive servers, hard disks and data centres.
2. Pay-as-you-use — pay only for the storage consumed; can scale up or down.
3. Provider handles maintenance, power, cooling, security and upgrades.
4. Many services offer free basic storage.

Time saving

1. Storage is available instantly — no time spent installing hardware.
2. Data can be accessed anywhere, anytime from any device.
3. Automatic backup and recovery save time after failures.
4. Easy sharing and collaboration — many users work on the same files at once.

It is cost-effective because there is no hardware to buy or maintain and users pay only for what they use; it saves time because storage is instantly available, accessible anywhere, auto-backed-up and easy to share.

Answer

An on-demand service is one where a user can obtain computing resources — servers, storage, software, network — whenever needed, in the quantity needed, usually through self-service, without human interaction with the provider, and pay only for usage.

How cloud provides it

1. The provider maintains huge pools of shared resources in data centres (using virtualisation).
2. Users request resources through a web portal or API and they are allocated automatically within minutes.
3. Resources scale up or down as demand changes (elasticity).
4. Usage is metered and billed (pay-as-you-go).
5. Delivered as IaaS (e.g. virtual machines), PaaS (development platforms) or SaaS (applications).

On-demand service means getting computing resources as and when required and paying per use; cloud providers deliver it through self-service portals that automatically allocate scalable, virtualised resources (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) with metered billing.

Answer

a) Government cloud platforms: MeghRaj (GI Cloud) of the Government of India; DigiLocker (cloud storage for documents); National Informatics Centre (NIC) cloud; e-Hospital; DIKSHA.

b) Large private cloud service providers:

1. MeghRaj (GI Cloud), DigiLocker, NIC cloud. b) AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, IBM Cloud, Oracle, Salesforce — providing virtual servers, storage, databases, software and AI services.

Answer

Virtual servers and on-demand storage are basic infrastructure resources. The company will build its own platform on top of them to deploy customised applications. This is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

4. Infrastructure as a Service

Answer

1. e-textbooks: stored on the cloud and accessed on tablets; they sync progress, bookmarks and notes, and can be updated instantly.
2. Smart boards: interactive, Internet-connected boards that display multimedia, save lessons to the cloud and share them with students’ devices.
3. Online tests: conducted on connected devices with automatic evaluation, instant results and analytics on performance sent to teachers and parents.
4. Wi-Fi sensors on doors: detect entry and exit, count students in rooms, control lights/fans automatically and alert on unauthorised entry.
5. Bus sensors (GPS): track bus location in real time; parents receive alerts on arrival/delay through an app; monitor speed and safety.
6. Wearables: RFID/Bluetooth-enabled watches or belts automatically mark attendance when students enter, and can also monitor health and location.

Each device is connected to the Internet and cloud: e-books and smart boards share content, online tests auto-evaluate, door sensors track movement and save energy, GPS bus sensors give live location alerts, and wearables mark attendance automatically.

Answer

1. IaaS: rent virtual servers and storage (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) instead of buying hardware; pay only for usage and scale up as the business grows.
2. PaaS: use platforms (Google App Engine, Heroku, Firebase) to develop, test and deploy their applications without managing servers.
3. SaaS: use ready software — Google Workspace/Microsoft 365 for email and documents, Zoom for meetings, cloud accounting and CRM tools — on subscription.
4. Collaboration: work from anywhere on shared files; no office server needed.
5. Security and backup: provider handles backup, recovery and updates.
6. Many providers offer free tiers and startup credits, lowering initial cost.

By renting infrastructure (IaaS), development platforms (PaaS) and ready software (SaaS) on a pay-as-you-go basis, using free tiers and startup credits, they avoid hardware costs, collaborate from anywhere and scale as they grow.

Answer

Report: Blockchain for Scholarship Distribution

Introduction: Blockchain is a decentralised, shared digital ledger in which every transaction is recorded in blocks linked cryptographically; records cannot be altered without the consensus of the network.

How it can be used

1. Verified records: student identity, marks, income and caste certificates are stored on the blockchain by issuing authorities (schools, boards, revenue offices), so they cannot be forged.
2. Smart contracts: eligibility rules are coded; when a student meets the criteria, the scholarship is approved and released automatically to their bank account.
3. Transparency: every step — application, verification, approval, payment — is recorded and visible to authorised parties; students can track status.
4. Accountability: each entry has a time-stamp and identity of the official who made it; any delay or misuse can be traced.
5. Efficiency: removes paperwork and middlemen, reduces delays and administrative cost.
6. Prevents duplication and fraud: a student cannot claim the same scholarship twice; fake beneficiaries are eliminated.

Conclusion: blockchain can make scholarship distribution faster, fraud-free and trustworthy, ensuring funds reach genuine students.

Blockchain’s tamper-proof shared ledger and smart contracts can verify records, auto-release payments to eligible students, make every step traceable and visible, and eliminate fraud, middlemen and delays.

Answer

• IoT connects physical devices to the Internet so they can exchange data, but devices from different manufacturers often use different protocols and cannot easily talk to each other.
• WoT (Web of Things) builds on IoT by using standard web technologies (HTTP, URLs, REST APIs, HTML, JSON) to make IoT devices accessible and interoperable through the web.

So WoT is a layer over IoT — it makes IoT devices work like web resources, allowing them to be controlled through browsers and integrated easily into web applications.

WoT is built on IoT: IoT connects devices to the Internet, and WoT uses standard web protocols to make those devices interoperable and accessible like web pages.

Answer

1. Medication reminder → health monitoring → D. Smart Health
2. Door-lock alert → C. Home Automation
3. Parking alert → A. Smart Parking
4. TV controlled by wrist watch → B. Smart Wearable

1 – D, 2 – C, 3 – A, 4 – B

Topic checklist

• ☒ AI and Machine Learning (Q4)
• ☒ Big data (Q3)
• ☒ IoT and WoT (Q2, 10, 13, 14)
• ☒ Cloud computing and grid computing (Q1, 3, 5–9, 11)
• ☒ Blockchain (Q12)

Total questions answered: 14 of 14